Spacecraft operations: may experience surface charging and tracking problems, corrections may be needed for orientation problems. Power systems: possible widespread voltage control problems and some protective systems will mistakenly trip out key assets from the grid. Other systems: pipeline currents can reach hundreds of amps, HF (high frequency) radio propagation may be impossible in many areas for one to two days, satellite navigation may be degraded for days, low-frequency radio navigation can be out for hours, and aurora has been seen as low as Florida and southern Texas (typically 40° geomagnetic lat.). Spacecraft operations: may experience extensive surface charging, problems with orientation, uplink/downlink and tracking satellites. Power systems: : widespread voltage control problems and protective system problems can occur, some grid systems may experience complete collapse or blackouts. Physical Pressure - Kp values every 3 hours Geomagnetic Storms (look for increased Auroral activity) See also: Space Weather Alerts and Space Weather Now The Space Weather Prediction Center of NOAA have created scales that rate these as well as Geomagnetic Storms and Radio blackouts. Large amounts of ionized gas are ejected from the Sun and can cause catastrophic events on Earth. The main concern are Coronal Mass Ejections resulting from solar flares and prominences. As you would guess, Solar Wind is not uniform. It's speed varies from 800 km/s from coronal holes to 300 km/s from streamers. Solar Wind is made up of energized electrons and photons. Solar wind is a normal daily occurrence due to coronal heating. Sunspot activity also gives rise to Solar Storms. Section), but the images are borrowed from: Kaufman text, Universe (see the references The Sun has a 22 yearįigures 4 and 5 appear in the Freedman and Switches while the fields start to unwind until theġ1 year minimum is reach. The winding also produces a curiousĮffect as the magnetic field reaches its maximum atġ1 years, the polarity of the magnetic field The effect of twisting the magnetic fields as seen Since the Sun is not a solid body, theĮquatorial region of the Sun spins faster. Sunspots are caused by the differential rotation Sunspot, the line appeared to split into three, andĮffect causes the apparent separation of aĮventual twisting of the magnetic fields.Įventually, the magnetic field undoes itself The magnetic characteristics of sunspots wasĭiscovered by the Zeeman effect (named after Pieter Sunspot polarity, and black is positive while the (figure 2) shows a sunspot group by color: black and Photosphere is 5800 K (in the middle is the The sunspot itself will be around 4000 K while the Than the surrounding photosphere, but not by much. Main sunspot while the penumbra is the lighter You will notice that sunspots have two main parts:Īn umbra and a penumbra (figure 1). Looking at the diagram at the top of this page, Sunspot group that shows magnetic polarity. These three images show sunspots in different The Sun (based on current solar models): Core To summarize the layers and atmosphere dynamic of Layers of the Sun to create the hydrostatic Is balanced by the radiative and convective Strong enough to bring Hydrogen together to The hydrostatic equilibrium within the SunĮnergy by the emission and reabsorbtion of To know the convective zone helps maintain How much opacity there it, it is important Mathematics involved in determining exactly Something called the "random walk" where theīecause the opacity of this zone it a bit Photon enters the convective zone, it can Three internal layers dominate the anatomyĬore, so the convective layer acts as the Get an idea to the Sun's interior structure. Photosphere, but we can create models andĮxamine particles emanating from the Sun to Produce sunspots, which occur within this Re-heated by the convection layer and the It is the opaqueįeature of the photosphere that shields usįrom directly viewing the thermonuclear coreīelow occurs in the form of granules (see Oddly enough, the photosphere is opaque to Studying the Sun, but suspect the magneticįlux as a result of (as well as resulting Temperature jumps sharply to 400,000 degrees. Is this movement that is the source of theĬorona can force ions to move as fast as aĪs the photosphere so it is not that bright.Ĭhromosphere it to use a special narrow bandįilter. Several million kilometers into space, there Seem the heat would be unbearable for us, Times dimmer than the photosphere and oddly Layers of the Sun, so lets visit each layer with a We have already briefly covered the three outer Some of the more prominent features of the Sun.
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